A cost-effective anionic flocculant prepared by grafting carboxymethyl cellulose and lignosulfonate with acrylamide

How to efficiently utilize most abundant biomass of cellulose, lignin and their derivatives has become an emerging challenge as the anticipative oil depletion. In this paper, the ternary anionic copolymer of carboxymethyl cellulose-acrylamide-lignosulfonate (CAL) was successfully prepared by hydrothermal polymerization. Based on the flocculation characteristics of cationic methylene blue, the optimal polymerization process was confirmed as the raw material ratio of 1:1:1, initiator dosage of 0.9 wt %, the reaction time was 5 h and the reaction temperature was 55 °C. The results showed that the decolorization ratio was 87.5% at the CAL dosage of 600 mg/L for the 500 mg/L methylene blue simulated wastewater. The CAL achieved fast flocculation kinetics and super color removal ratios in the wide ranges of environmental pH, temperature and salt concentration. The flocculation mechanism is single charge neutralization. Moreover, the estimated treatment cost of CAL is 68.3% lower than that of commercial anionic PAM. The prepared anionic CAL flocculant has the characteristics of environmental safety, excellent flocculation performance and cost-effectiveness, which shows great potential in the field of dye wastewater treatment, and also provides a feasible way for the effective utilization of biomass resources.

     

高速串行数据链路中基于相位噪声时钟抖动测量

传统并行数据通信随着速度的增加,传输时延已难以准确控制,使得高速串行数据传输成为通信的主要方式,当数据速率超过Gb/s水平,时钟信号引入的抖动已成为系统抖动的主要成分,低数据速率抖动分析技术已难以满足要求,相位噪声测量技术在高速串行数据链路抖动分析中提供了解决方案,文章从原理上论述了相位噪声与抖动的关系,以实例给出了通过相位噪声测量间接测量抖动的工程计算方法。     

一种车用单刀双掷开关的质检仪器研发

介绍了一种车用单刀双掷开关质量检测仪器的研发,包括检测系统的硬件设计、检测原理以及算法软件开发。首先,根据单刀双掷开关的工作原理及质量检测要求,开发了检测手指触觉压力的机械装置,以及控制开关通道切换的继电器控制电路;在此基础上,开发了相应的检测算法,可实现对开关切换状态、电压差以及手指触觉压力进行自动化的数据采集、分析、检测和判断,从而挑选出合格的开关;最后,设计了触屏人机交互界面,可实时显示产品检测的参数。该检测设备在某自动化生产线上经过近一年时间的检测验证,证明系统运行平稳,检测效果良好、误检率低,可以完全取代传统的人工检测方式,提高了开关的检测效率,降低了检测人员的工作量。     

False Results Caused by Solvent Impurity in Tetrahydrofuran for MALDI TOF MS Analysis of Amines

Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is one of the most frequently used solvents in the MALDI TOF MS analysis of synthetic compounds. However, it should be used with caution because a trace amount of 4-hydroxybutanal (HBA) might be generated and accumulated in THF during storage. Since only a tiny amount of analytes is required in MALDI MS measurements, a trace amount of HBA might have a significant effect on the MS results. It was found that HBA will quickly react with primary and secondary amino compounds, leading to false results about the sample composition with an extra series of ions with additional mass of 70 Da in between. The formation of HBA can be inhibited by butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) antioxidant. Therefore, when THF is required as the solvent for sample preparation, it is strongly recommended to use a BHT-stabilized one, at least for the analysis of compounds with amino groups.

Hexicon 2: Automated Processing of Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry Data with Improved Deuteration Distribution Estimation

Hydrogen–deuterium exchange (HDX) experiments analyzed by mass spectrometry (MS) provide information about the dynamics and the solvent accessibility of protein backbone amide hydrogen atoms. Continuous improvement of MS instrumentation has contributed to the increasing popularity of this method; however, comprehensive automated data analysis is only beginning to mature. We present Hexicon 2, an automated pipeline for data analysis and visualization based on the previously published program Hexicon (Lou et al. 2010). Hexicon 2 employs the sensitive NITPICK peak detection algorithm of its predecessor in a divide-and-conquer strategy and adds new features, such as chromatogram alignment and improved peptide sequence assignment. The unique feature of deuteration distribution estimation was retained in Hexicon 2 and improved using an iterative deconvolution algorithm that is robust even to noisy data. In addition, Hexicon 2 provides a data browser that facilitates quality control and provides convenient access to common data visualization tasks. Analysis of a benchmark dataset demonstrates superior performance of Hexicon 2 compared with its predecessor in terms of deuteration centroid recovery and deuteration distribution estimation. Hexicon 2 greatly reduces data analysis time compared with manual analysis, whereas the increased number of peptides provides redundant coverage of the entire protein sequence. Hexicon 2 is a standalone application available free of charge under http://hx2.mpimf-heidelberg.mpg.de.

Dynamics simulation and reaction pathway analysis of characteristics of soot particles in ethylene oxidation at high temperature

Soot particles characteristics were investigated numerically for high temperature oxidation of C₂H₄/O₂/N₂ (C/O ratio of 2.2) in a closed jet-stirred/plug-flow reactor (JSR/PFR) system. Based on the growth mechanism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), two mechanisms were used to explore the formation pathways of soot precursors and soot. Numerical results were compared with the experimental and reference data. The simulation results show that the value predicted for small molecule intermediates within A1 gives a strong regularity, consistent trend with reference data. However, with the hydrogen-abstraction-carbon-addition (HACA) growth mechanism, the predicted value for beyond-A1 PAH macromolecules and soot volume fraction are smaller than the experimental data. The results also show that the predicted soot volume fraction is in good agreement with experimental data when a combination of the HACA and PAHs condensation (HACA + PAH-PAH) growth mechanisms is used. Analyses of the A1 sensitivity and reaction pathway elucidated that A1 are mainly formed from C₂H₃, C₂H₂, C₃H₃, C₆H₅OH, A1C₂H and A1-. The reaction 2C₃H₃ → A1 is the dominant route of benzene formation. The prediction results and an analysis of the A3 reaction pathway indicate that the growth process from benzene to larger aromatic hydrocarbons (beyond two-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs]) goes by two pathways, i.e., HACA combined with the PAH-PAH radical recombination and addition reaction growth mechanisms.     

Catalytic epoxidation of alkenes over supported manganese oxide with hydrogen peroxide: effect of supports and manganese loading

Manganese oxides supported on γ-Al₂O₃, amorphous SiO₂, MCM-41, and TiO₂ prepared by an impregnation method were used as heterogeneous catalysts for epoxidation of alkenes with 30 % H₂O₂ in the presence of NaHCO₃ aqueous solution. The effect of support and manganese loading on their activity was studied. The 1.3-MnO _x /γ-Al₂O₃ exhibited superior epoxidazing activity of styrene, compared with other supported MnO _x . Hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction, UV–vis and ESR analyses suggested that Mn²⁺ (catalytic activity species) dominated in 1.3 % MnO _x /γ-Al₂O₃ due to a strong interaction between MnO _x and γ-Al₂O₃. Recycling studies showed the catalyst was a heterogeneous one and retained its activity after recycling four times.     

Enzymatic Building-Block Synthesis for Solid-Phase Automated Glycan Assembly

Automated chemical oligosaccharide synthesis is an attractive concept that has been successfully applied to a large number of target structures, but requires excess quantities of suitably protected and activated building blocks. Herein we demonstrate the use of biocatalysis to supply such reagents for automated synthesis. By using the promiscuous NmLgtB-B β1-4 galactosyltransferase from Neisseria meningitidis we demonstrate fast and robust access to the LacNAc motif, common to many cell-surface glycans, starting from either lactose or sucrose as glycosyl donors. The enzymatic product was shown to be successfully incorporated as a complete unit into a tetrasaccharide target by automated assembly.     

Divergent Total Synthesis of Euphoranginol C,Euphoranginone D,ent-Trachyloban-3β-ol,ent-Trachyloban-3-one,Excoecarin E,and ent-16α-Hydroxy-atisane-3-one

A divergent synthetic approach to biogenetically related diterpenoids such as ent-kauranes, ent-trachylobanes, ent-beyerane, and ent-atisane has been developed. The unified synthetic route involves the De Mayo reaction to rapidly generate the bicyclo[3.2.1]-octane moiety of ent-kaurane. The key reactions also include bioinspired nucleophilic cyclopropanation generating the [3.2.1.0^2,7]-tricyclic core of ent-trachylobane and regioselective cyclopropane fragmentation furnishing ent-beyerane and ent-atisane through the nucleophilic attack and protonation of the cyclopropane ring. This strategy enables the asymmetric total syntheses of six diterpenoids from the commercially available geraniol.     

Bioorthogonal Ligation and Cleavage by Reactions of Chloroquinoxalines with ortho-Dithiophenols

A bioorthogonal ligation and cleavage method via reactions of chloroquinoxalines (CQ) and ortho-dithiophenols (DT) is presented. Double nucleophilic substitutions of ortho-dithiophenols to chloroquinoxalines provide conjugates containing tetracyclic benzo[5,6][1,4]dithiino[2,3-b]quinoxaline with strong built-in fluorescence together with release of the other functional molecules. Three cleavable linkers were designed and successfully used in release of the molecules containing biotin from the protein conjugates. The CQ-DT bioorthogonal reactions can be applied for the bioorthogonal ligations, bioorthogonal cleavages, and trans-tagging of proteins, and show advantages of readily accessible unnatural orthogonal groups, appealing reaction kinetics (k₂≈1.3 m ⁻¹ s⁻¹), excellent biocompatibility of orthogonal groups, and high stability of conjugates. This complements previous bioorthogonal reactions and is a new route for protein-fishing applications and in-gel fluorescence analysis.